Case Studies

The Discovery Channel’s Animal Planet - Emergency Vets. Animal Planet® and Vicon Motus® Customer, Alameda East Veterinary Hospital filmed a feature focusing on canine gait at our Colorado office. Dr. Bob Taylor, with help from the Vicon team conducted pre- and post-surgery gait trials of Nero, a large chocolate lab with severe knee problems.

Caring for Canines. Having an in-depth, quantitative understanding of a dog's movements and locomotion can help in the assessment of performance, conditioning, training, lameness and rehabilitation. See how a Vicon Motus system is being used at Auburn University's College of Veterinary Medicine as a diagnostic tool to analyze and treat athletic dogs.

A Whale of a Study. Ever wondered how whales and dolphins swim so fast or jump so high out of the water? See how a Vicon Motus system was used to answer that question by West Chester University's department of biology and the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center in San Diego.

Sample Customers

Alameda East Veterinary Hospital
Arizona State
Auburn University
Japanese Race Association
Neurological Science Institute - Cat Facility
Ohio State University
University of California - Berkley
University of Missouri
University of Tennessee
West Chester University

Bibliography

Amphibians
Arachnids
Birds
Crustaceans
Fish
Horses
Insects
Mammals
Mammals - Rodents
Reptiles
Worms

Lehman, S., A. Bosak, B.H. Hallas, and M.R. Wells. (1996). "Biomechanical Analysis of Osteopathic Manipulation Alone and with Exercise in an Animal Model of Arthritis." In Proceedings of the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) 101st Annual Convention and Scientific Seminar, October 7-11.

AMPHIBIANS
Anderson, C.W. (1991). "A Prey Type Dependent Peripheral Feedback System in the Frog Rana Pipiens." In American Zoologist 31(5):52A, §267.

Cannatella, D.C., K. Nishikawa, and J. O'Reilly. (1992). "Patterns of Convergence in Tongue Projection in Frogs." In American Zoologist 32(5):134A.

Deban, S.M., and K.C. Nishikawa. (1992). "The Kinematics of Prey Capture and the Mechanism of Tongue Protraction in the Green Tree Frog Hyla Cinerea." In Journal of Experimental Biology 170:235-256.

Gans, C., K. Nishikawa, and D. Cannatella. (1991). "The Frog Megophrys Montana: Specialist in Large Prey." In American Zoologist 31(5):52A, §265.

McCay, M.G. (1996). "Aerodynamic Stability and Maneuverability of Gliding Frogs." In American Zoologist 36(5):8A, §37.

Nishikawa, K.C. (1991). "Kinematics of Prey Capture in the Tailed Frog Ascaphus Truei (Anura: Ascaphidae)." In Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103:289-307.

Nishikawa, K.C. (1992). "Hypoglossal Sensory Feedback Modulates Mouth Opening during Feeding in Toads." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 25-30: 18(1): 314, §139.10. Anaheim, CA.

Nishikawa, K.C., C.W. Anderson, S.M. Deban, and J.C. O'Reilly. (1992). "The Evolution of Neural Circuits Controlling Feeding Behavior in Frogs." In Brain, Behavior and Evolution 40:125-140.

Nishikawa, K.C., and G. Roth. (1991). "The Mechanism of Tongue Protraction during Prey Capture in the Frog Discoglossus Pictus." In Journal of Experimental Biology 159:217-234.

Nishikawa, K.C., J.C. O'Reilly, and D.C. Cannatella. (1991). "Biomechanical and Behavioral Transitions in the Evolution of Frog Feeding." In American Zoologist 31(5):52A, §264.

O'Reilly, J.C., and S.M. Deban. (1991). "The Evolution of Aquatic Prey Capture in Amphibians: Phylogenetic Constraints and Exaptations." In American Zoologist 31(5):17A, §93.

Ritter, D. A., and K.C. Nishikawa. (1992). "Prey Capture by the Pig-nosed Frog (Hemisus marmoratum)." In American Zoologist 32(5):15A.

Smith, S.R., and K.C. Nishikawa. (1991). "The Mechanism of Tongue Protrusion in the Spade Foot Toad." In American Zoologist 31(5):52A, §266.

ARACHNIDS
Root, T.M. (1991). "Scorpion Locomotion as a Model System." In American Zoologist 31(5):85A, §428.

BIRDS
Aigeldinger, T.L., and F.E. Fish. (1995). "Hydroplaning by Ducklings: Overcoming Limitations to Swimming at the Water Surface." In Journal of Experimental Biology 198:1567-1574.

Bekoff, A., and D.L. Nicholl. (1992). "Timing vs. Pattern in Cyclic Motor Patterns in Chicks." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 25-30: 18(2):1278, §539.2. Anaheim, CA: AMSN.

Bradley, N.S., and S.H. Chambers. (1992). "Chronic Spinal Gap Transection in Chick Embryos: A Kinematic Analysis." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 25-30: 18(2):962, §406.6. Anaheim, CA: AMSN.

Chambers, S.H., and N.S. Bradley. (1991). "Intra- and Interlimb Coordination during Motility in Chick Embryos." In Abstracts for the 21st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15: 17:937. New Orleans, LA: AMSN.

Chambers, Sandra H., Nina S. Bradley, and Michael D. Orosz. (1994). "Kinematic Analysis of Wing and Leg Movements for Type I Motility in E9 Chick Embryos." In Exp. Brain. Res. 103:218-226.

Fish, Frank E. (1995). "Kinematics of Ducklings Swimming in Formation: Consequences of Position." In The Journal of Experimental Zoology 273:1-11.

Fish, Frank E. (1998). " Comparative Kinematics and Hydrodynamics of Odontocete Cetaceans: Morhological and Ecological Correlates with Swimming Performance." In The Journal of Experimental Zoology 201:2867-2877.

Johnston, R.M., and A. Bekoff. (1992). "Flexible Motor Patterns in Chicks: Bi- and Triphasic Elements." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 25-30: 18(2):1278, §539.1. Anaheim, CA: AMSN.

Orosz, Michael D., Nina S. Bradley, and Sandra H. Chambers. (1994). "Correcting Two-Dimensional Kinematic Errors for Chick Embryonic Movements in OVO." In Comput. Biol. Med. 24(4):305-314.

Smith, M.B., and A. Bekoff. (1991). "Joint Receptor Modulation of Head Scratching in Chicks." In Physical Therapy, June: 71:S65.

CRUSTACEANS
Ahn, A., R.B. Weinstein, and R.J. Full. (1991). "Increased Temperature and Water Loss Decrease Locomotor Performance of the Ghost Crab." In American Zoologist 31(5):141A, §722.

Earls, K.D., R.J. Full, M.A. Wong, and R.L. Caldwell. (1991). "Locomotion Like a Wheel?: Backward Somersaulting Stomatopods." In American Zoologist 31(5):140A, §719.

Full, R.J., R. Blickhan, and L. Ting. (1991). "Gait Changes in Ghost Crabs Evidence from Exoskeletal Strain." In American Zoologist 31(5):140A, §720.

Martinez, M.M. (1992). "Crab Running Mechanics: Air vs. Water." In American Zoologist 32(5):117A.

Martinez, Marlene M. (1996). "Locomotor Performance of Subtidal, Intertidal and Semi-Terrestrial Crabs in Air vs. Water." In American Zoologist 36(5):8A, §34.

Weinstein, R.B., and R.J. Full. (1992). "Foraging Ghost Crabs Move Intermittently." In American Zoologist 32(5):45A.

Weinstein, R.B., and R.J. Full. (1991). "Intermittent Locomotion Increases Distance Capacity at Low Temperature in the Ghost Crab." In American Zoologist 31(5):141A, §723.

FISH
Brainerd, E.L., B.N. Page, and F.E. Fish. (1992). "Fast-Start Performance and Opercular Jetting in Flatfishes: Overcoming a Sticky Problem?" In American Zoologist 32(5):139A.

Donley, Jeanine M. (2000). "Swimming Kinematics of Juvenile Kawakawa Tuna (Euthynnus Affinis) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber Japonicus)." In The Journal of Experimental Biology. No. 203, 26 Sept 2000. ( pp. 3103-3116).

Gordon, Malcolm S., et al. (2000). "Boxfishes as Unusually Well-Controlled Autonomous Underwater Vehicles." Physiological and Biomechanical Zoology. Vol. 73, No. 3. (pp. 663-671).

Hopkins, C.D. (1993). "Neuroethology of Passive Electrolocation." In Journal of Comparative Physiology 173:689-695.

Hove, J.R., et al. (2001). "Boxfishes(Teleostei: Ostraciidae) as a model system for fishes swimming with many fins: Kinematics." The Journal of Experimental Biology. No. 204, 28 March 2001. (pp. 1459-1471).

Jed, J.E. (1996). "Ontogenetic Size and Shape Changes Affect the Mechanics of Jetting in the Scyphozoan Jellyfish." In American Zoologist 36(5):7A, §32.

Sanderson, Laurie S., et al. (2001). "Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes." Nature. Vol. 412, July 26, 2001. (pp. 438-441).

Sepulveda, Chugey and Kathryn A. Dickson. (2000). "Maximum sustainable speeds and cost of swimming in juvenile Kawakawa Tuna (Euthynnus Affinis) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber Japonicus)." The Journal of Experimental Biology. No. 203, 26 Sept 2000. (pp. 3089-3101).

HORSES
Powers P.N.R., Harrison A.J., (1999) "Kinematic analysis of take-off parameters during loose jumping in young untrained horses". In: Sanders R.H., Gibson B.J. (Eds.) Proceedings: XVIIth. International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sport. Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia. pp.101-104

Powers, Pippa. (2002). "The Take Off Kinematics of Jumping Horses in a Puissance Competition." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 152-155.

INSECTS
Ahn, A., R.J. Full, and K. Earls. (1992). "Partitioning of Joint Moment Among Muscles in an Insect Leg." In American Zoologist 32(5):31A.

Ahn, A.N. and R.J. Full. (2002). "A motor and a brake: Two leg extensor muscles acting at the same joint manage energy differently in a running insect." The Journal of Experimental Biology, (pp. 379-389).

Earls, K.., and R.J. Full, A. Ahn, C. Eckel, and R.B. Weinstein. (1992). "Effect on Joint Moments of Varying Muscle Location Using a 3-D, Interactive Musculoskeletal Model." In American Zoologist 32(5):51A.

Full, Robert, J., Anne M. Peattie, Mariano S. Garcia, Art D. Kuo, Paul C. Wang, Thomas M. Libby, and Daniel Dudek. (2002). "Scaling of Damping: Implications for Stability." In Abstracts of the Fourth World Congress of Biomechanics, August 4-9, 2002: (Proceedings CD). Calgary, Canada.

Full, R.J., and M.S. Tu. (1991). "Mechanics of a Rapid Running Insect: Two-, Four- and Six-Legged Locomotion." In The Journal of Experimental Biology 156:215-231.

Full, R.J., and M.S. Tu. (1990). "Mechanics of Six-Legged Runners." In The Journal of Experimental Biology 148:129-146.

Full, R.J., and A. Tullis. (1990). "Capacity for Sustained Terrestrial Locomotion in an Insect: Energetics, Thermal Dependence and Kinematics." In Journal of Comparative Physiology B 160:573-581.

Full, R.J., and A. Tullis. (1990). "Energetics of Ascent." In Journal of Experimental Biology 149:307-317.

Full, R.J., R. Blickhan, and L.H. Ting. (1991). "Leg Design in Hexapedal Runners." In The Journal of Experimental Biology 158:369-390.

Full, R.J., D.A. Zuccarello, and A. Tullis. (1990). "Effect of Variation in Form on the Cost of Terrestrial Locomotion." In The Journal of Experimental Biology 150:233-246.

Jindrich, Devin J. and Robert J. Full. "Many-legged maneuverability: Dynamics of turning in Hexapods." The Journal of Experimental Biology. No. 202, 20 May 1999. (pp. 1603-1623).

Perlman, David. "UC Scientist Puts Bugs on a Treadmill." In San Francisco Chronicle, p. A4.

Robertson, R.M., and A.G. Johnson. (1993). "Collision Avoidance of Flying Locusts: Steering Torques and Behaviour." In The Journal of Experimental Biology 183:35-60.

Robertson, R.M., and A.G. Johnson. (1993). "Retinal Image Size Triggers Obstacle Avoidance in Flying Locusts." In Naturwissenschaften 80:176-178.

Worthington, Shari L.S. "Video Cameras and High Speed Imaging Detect Insect Locomotion." In Vision Systems Design. February, 1988, pp. 30-37.

Yamauchi, A., and R.J. Full. (1992). "Cockroaches Running and Righting on Jello: A Comparison of Force Production." In American Zoologist 32(5):46A.

MAMMALS
Chau, C.W.M. , H. Barbeau, J. Provencher, and S. Rossignol. (1992). "The Effect of Early Locomotor Training with Clonidine on the Recovery of Locomotion in Adult Spinal Cats." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, October 25-30: 18(2):1554, §648.10.

Christel, Marianne I. and Aude Billard. (2002). "Comparison between macaques' and humans' kinematics of prehension: the role of morphological differences and control mechanisms." In Behavioral Brain Research. 131(2002): pp. 169-184.

Fish, F.E., et al. (2001). "Energetics of Terristrial Locomotion of the Platypus: Ornithorhynchus Anatinus." The Journal of Experimental Biology. No. 204, 1 Feb 2001. (pp. 797-803).

Fish, Frank E., John E. Peacock, and James Rohr. (2000). "Phase Relationships Between Body Components of Odontocete Cetaceans in Relation to Stability and Propulsive Mechanisms." Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Aqua Bio-Mechanisms/International Seminar on Aqua Bio-Mechanisms. 27-30 Aug 2000. (pp. 57-60).

Fish, F.E. (1992). "Comparative Kinematics and Hydrodynamics of Dolphins." In American Zoologists 32(5):142A.

Fish, F.E. (1996). "Measurement of Swimming Kinematics in Small Terrestrial Mammals." In Measuring Movement and Locomotion: from Invertebrates to Humans, R.G. Landes Company, pp. 171-187.

Fish, F.E. (1993). "Power Output and Propulsive Efficiency of Swimming Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus)." In Journal of Experimental Biology 185:179-193.

Grasselli, A., R. Grasselli, and P. Iotti. (1991). "Quantitative Analysis of 4-Beat Lateral Gaits." In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Berlin, Germany, September 10-14: (pp. 1-9).

Hofmann, S., Matis, U., Off W., Kosfeld, H.U., Baetzner, E., (2000) "Clinical Gait Analysis in Dogs" Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich May ,2000

Herring . S.W., M.A. Emigh, and P. Emry. (1992). "Do Muscle Aponeuroses Stretch?" In American Zoologists 32(5):141A.

Herring, S.W., O.M. Sola, X. Huang, G. Zhang, and N. Hayashida. (1993). "Compartmentalization in the Pig Latissimus Dorsi Muscle." In Acta Anatomica 147:56-63.

Huang, X., G. Zhang, and S.W. Herring. (1993). "Alterations of Muscle Activities and Jaw Movements after Blocking Individual Jaw-Closing Muscles in the Miniature Pig." In Archives of Oral Biology 38(4):291-297.

Huang, X., G. Zhang, and S.W. Herring. (1993). "Effects of Oral Sensory Afferents on Mastication in the Miniature Pig." In Journal of Dental Research 72:980-986.

Schmitt, Daniel and Pierre Lemelin. (2002). "Origins of Primate Locomotion: Gait Mechanics of the Woolly Opossum." In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 118. (pp. 231-238).

Skrovan, Randolph, and Terrie M. Williams. (1996). "Intermittent Propulsion as an Energy Conserving Mechanism for Diving Mammals." In The Physiologist 39(5):A-62, §26.17.

MAMMALS - RODENTS
Bolivar, V.J., E.M. Cosica, W. Danilchuk, J.C. Fentress, and K. Manley. (1991). "Development of Motor Patterns in Neurological Mutant Mice." In Abstracts for the 21st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15: 17:123. New Orleans, LA: AMSN.

Bolivar, V.J., K. Manley, and J.C. Fentress. (1992). "The Ontogeny of Movement Sequences in Jimpy (Myelin Deficient) Mice." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 25-30: 18(1):861, §360.7. Anaheim, CA: AMCN.

Bolivar, V.J., W. Danilchuk, and J.C. Fentress. (1995). "Grooming Development and Activation in Weaver Mutant Mice." In Abstracts for the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, November: 21: (p. 1792).

Carvell, George E., and Daniel J. Simons. (1996). "Abnormal Tactile Experience Early in Life Disrupts Active Touch." In The Journal of Neuroscience 16(8):2750-2757.

Carvell, G.E., and D.J. Simons. (1990). "Biometric Analyses of Vibrissal Tactile Discrimination in the Rat." In The Journal of Neuroscience, August: 10(8):2638-2648.

Carvell, G.E., Daniel J. Simons, Seth H. Lichtenstein, and Patrick Bryant. (1991). "Electromyographic Activity of Mystacial Pad Musculature during Whisking Behavior in the Rat." Somatosensory and Motor Research 8(2):159-164.

Carvell, George E., and Daniel J. Simons. (1995). "Task- and Subject-Related Differences in Sensorimotor Behavior during Active Touch." In Somatosensory and Motor Research 12(1):1-9.

Fentress, J.C., V.J. Bolivar, W. Danilchuk, and K. Manley. (1992). "The Development of Motor Patterns in Weaver Mutant Mice." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 25-30: 18(1):884, §367.16. Anaheim, CA: AMSN.

Fox, R.A., M. Corcoran, N.G. Daunton, and E. Morey-Holton. (1994). "Effects of Spaceflight and Hindlimb Suspension on the Posture and Gait of Rats." In Elsevier Science B.V., Vestibular and Neural Front: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Posture and Gait, Matsumoto, October 3-7: (pp. 603-606).

Fox, R.A., J. Knox, J. Skinner, and M. Spomer. (1995). "Functional Deafferentation of Knee Joint Afferents Produces Leg Extension and Knuckle Walking in Rats." In Abstracts for the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, November: 21:420.

Gregor, Robert J., Judith L. Smith, Dagan W. Smith, Alanna Oliver, and Boris I. Prilutsky. (2001). "Hindlimb Kinetics and Neural Control During Slope Walking in the Cat: Unexpected Findings." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17: 277-286.

Guntinas-Lichius, O., Doychin N. Angelov, T.L. Tomov, J. Dramiga, W.F. Neiss, and K. Wewetzer. (2001). "Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells stimulates the Collateral Sprouting from Axotomized Adult Rat Facial Motoneurons." In Exp Neurol, Nov., 172(1): (pp.70-80).

Guntinas-Lichius, Orlando, Konstantin Wewetzer, Toma L. Tomov, Natalie Azzolin, Shohreh Kazemi, Michael Streppei, Wolfrum F. Neiss, and Doychin N. Angelov. (2002). "Transplantation of Olfactory Mucosa Minimizes Axonal Branching and Promotes the Recovery of Vibrissae Motor Performance after Facial Nerve Repair in Rats." In The Journal of Neuroscience, August 15, 2002; 22(16): (7121-7131).

Hallas, B.H.,P. Jacovina, S. Lehman, A. Bosak, S. Tierney, R. Galler, T. Scandalls, and M. Wells. (1995). "Parameters for a Rat Model of Arthritis and Treatment with Osteopathic Manipulation." In American Osteopathic Association. Westbury, New York 11568.

Pellis, S.M., V.C. Pellis, and M.M. McKenna. (1994). "Feminine Dimension in the Play Fighting of Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) and Its Defeminization Neonatally by Androgens." In Journal of Comparative Psychology 108(1):1-6.

Stahl, J.S., A.M. van Alphen, and C.I. De Zeeuw. (2000). "A comparison of video and magnetic search coil recordings of mouse eye movement." Journal of Neuroscience Methods. No. 99, 4 April 2000. (pp. 101-110).

Wallace, D.G. and Whishaw I.Q. (2003). " NMDA lesions of Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus disrupt the direct and temporally paced homing displayed by rats exploring a noval environment: evidence for a role of the hippocampus in dead reckoning." European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 18 pp. 513-523, 2003.

Walton, K.D., J. Jacoby, K. Ko, S.A. Williams, and R. Llinas. (1992). "Changes in Locomotion and Neuromuscular Development in the Neonatal Rat Accompany Simulated Weightlessness." In Abstracts for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience 18(2):961, §406.1.

Walton, Kerry D., Daniel Lieberman, Mathew Begin, and Rodolpho R. Llinás. (1991). "Hindlimb Suspension for Short Periods Impairs Motor Development in Neonatal Rats." In Abstracts for the 21st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15: 17:937. New Orleans, LA: AMSN.

Whishaw, I.Q., and B.P. Gorny. (1994). "Food Wrenching and Dodging: Eating Time Estimates Influence Dodge Probability and Amplitude." In Aggressive Behavior 20:35-47.

Whishaw, I.Q., S.M. Pellis, and B.P. Gorny. (1992). "Medial Frontal Cortex Lesions Impair the Aiming Component of Rat Reaching." In Behavioural Brain Research 50:93-104.

Whishaw, I.Q., S.M. Pellis, B. Gorny, B. Kolb, and W. Tetzlaff. (1993). "Proximal and Distal Impairments in Rat Forelimb Use in Reaching follow Unilateral Pyramidal Tract Lesions." In Behavioural Brain Research 56:59-76.

REPTILES
Autumn, K., R.B. Weinstein, and R.J. Full. (1991). "Low Cost of Locomotion Permits Activity at Low Temperatures in a Nocturnal Lizard." In American Zoologist 31(5):141A, §721.

Lappin, A.K. (1996). "Feeding Ecomorphology of Crotaphytid Lizards." In American Zoologist 36(5):19A, §80.

Ritter, D.A. (1991). "Lateral Bending during Lizard Locomotion." In American Zoologist 31(5):109A, §542.

White, T.D., and R.A. Anderson. (1992). "Body Size and Autecology: Locomotion in a Morphologically Conservative Clade of Lizards." In American Zoologists 32(5):155A.

WORMS
Quillin, K.J. (1996). "Kinematic Scaling of Hydrostatic Skeletons: Peristaltic Crawling in Earthworms." In American Zoologist 36(5):9A, §41.

Animal Science

Case Studies

Sample Customers

Bibliography